Statistical Map

http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp

This is a specific map where the factor measured is in variations across a geographical area. In this example populations is the measured quantity, in variation across the US. It allows individuals to compare and contrast different populations across different states which could be helpful for research when creating programs or policies.

Stadardized Choropeth Map

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/oct/07_0091.htm

These maps are used to display areal averages of information that is being obtained from the variables being measures. and therefore can compare areas in different sizes. Essentially all the data is standardized. It generally uses different shades of coloring to represent different aspects of numerical data. This map measures the percentage of individuals living in poverty.

Univariate Choropleth Map

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/USA_states_population_density_map.PNG/800px-USA_states_population_density_map
Typically univariate choropleth maps describes one variable spread across a specific location, are, or region. It can be used to show information in cities, regions, countries, or globally. Other choropleth maps show more than one variable. This map shows one variable, being population per sq. mile in the 2000 census.

Bilateral Graph

http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/department/041005_csiro_climate_science_meeting.html

A bilateral graph represents two or more variables that are related. Bilateral graphs can be show information in different ways, like line or bar. In this graph, the variable measure is the percent change to meet Kyoto Targets in reference to the countries involved in the agreement.

Isopleth

http://shelf3d.com/i/contour%20lines

Isopleths is a type of contour lines, that connect areas on a map, that exhibit  same amount of a certain meteorological occurrence. The data has to be collected over a specific area. It is also referred to as isogram isoline, and the name isopleth is derived from plethos which means quantity
An example is population density. 

LIDAR Map

http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s798b.htm

LIDAR is an abbreviation for light detection and ranging. It is a remote sensor that measures distance, uses a laser to find a target, and measure its results through the reflective light. It is useful and applied i archaeology, geography geology and more. In this case, the LIDAR image is presenting ground zero on September 2001. 

Isopach

http://www.geo.utexas.edu/faculty/barker/kempter/rbtephra.html

An Isopach map are characterized by contour lines used to measure/illustrate stratigraphic thickness variations in a given area. It is most useful in a number of fields including (not limited to) the study of geology, volcanoes, sediments,and stratigraphy. In this particular isopach the map of Rio Blanco is presented and the tephra deposition is measured after the active crater erupted.